Dependence is often associated with tolerance to a drug, a physical abstinence syndrome, and psychological dependence (craving). This consideration is: 

a) True 

b) False

What term is used to describe a decrease in responsiveness to a drug which develops in a few minutes? 

a) Refractoriness 

b) Cumulative effect 

c) Tolerance 

d) Tachyphylaxis

An agonist is a substance that: 

a) Interacts with the receptor without producing any effect 

b) Interacts with the receptor and initiates changes in cell function, producing various effects 

c) Increases concentration of another substance to produce effect 

d) Interacts with plasma proteins and doesn’t produce any effect 

The increase of second messengers’ (cAMP, cGMP, Ca²⁺ etc.) concentration leads to: 

a) Inhibition of intracellular protein kinases and protein phosphorylation 

b) Proteinkinases activation and protein phosphorylation 

c) Blocking of interaction between a receptor and an effector 

d) Antagonism with endogenous ligands

The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is called? 

a) Tachyphylaxis 

b) Sensibilization 

c) Abstinence syndrome 

d) Idiosyncrasy

What does “affinity” mean? 

a) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to plasma proteins 

b) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to a receptor 

c) A measure of inhibiting potency of a drug 

d) A measure of bio availability of a drug

If an agonist can produce sub maximal effects and has moderate efficacy it’s called: 

a) Partial agonist 

b) Antagonist 

c) Agonist-antagonist 

d) Full agonist 

Characteristic unwanted reaction which isn’t related to a dose or to a pharma codynamic property of a drug is called: 

a) Idiosyncrasy 

b) Hypersensitivity 

c) Tolerance 

d) Teratogenic action 

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of: 

a) Change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators 

b) Increased receptor sensitivity 

c) Decreased metabolic degradation 

d) Decreased renal tubular secretion

Target proteins which a drug molecule binds are: 

a) Only receptors 

b) Only ion channels 

c) Only carriers

d) All of the above