Tolerance develops because of: 

a) Diminished absorption 

b) Rapid excretion of a drug 

c) Both of the above 

d) None of the above

If an agonist can produce maximal effects and has high efficacy it’s called: 

a) Partial agonist 

b) Antagonist 

c) Agonist-antagonist 

d) Full agonist 

Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor: 

a) Adenylyl cyclase

b) Sodium ions 

c) Phospholipase C 

d) cAMP

The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is called? 

a) Tachyphylaxis 

b) Sensibilization 

c) Abstinence syndrome 

d) Idiosyncrasy

If an agonist can produce sub maximal effects and has moderate efficacy it’s called: 

a) Partial agonist 

b) Antagonist 

c) Agonist-antagonist 

d) Full agonist 

What phenomenon can occur in case of using a combination of drugs? 

a) Tolerance 

b) Tachyphylaxis 

c) Accumulation 

d) Synergism

Idiosyncratic reaction of a drug is:

a) A type of hypersensitivity reaction 

b) A type of drug antagonism 

c) Unpredictable, inherent, qualitatively abnormal reaction to a drug 

d) Quantitatively exaggerated response

What does “affinity” mean? 

a) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to plasma proteins 

b) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to a receptor 

c) A measure of inhibiting potency of a drug 

d) A measure of bio availability of a drug

The increase of second messengers’ (cAMP, cGMP, Ca²⁺ etc.) concentration leads to: 

a) Inhibition of intracellular protein kinases and protein phosphorylation 

b) Proteinkinases activation and protein phosphorylation 

c) Blocking of interaction between a receptor and an effector 

d) Antagonism with endogenous ligands

An agonist is a substance that: 

a) Interacts with the receptor without producing any effect 

b) Interacts with the receptor and initiates changes in cell function, producing various effects 

c) Increases concentration of another substance to produce effect 

d) Interacts with plasma proteins and doesn’t produce any effect