Explore topic-wise MCQs in Logical and Verbal Reasoning.

This section includes 92 Mcqs, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your Logical and Verbal Reasoning knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.

1.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement.Statement:There is more wastage of water due to water purifiers.Arguments: I. Yes, houses should adopt ways to reuse the excess water produced from the filters so that it can be given back to the land.II. No it enters the sewage system and automatically goes back.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Only argument II is strong
C. Neither I nor II is strong
D. Both I and II are strong
Answer» B. Only argument II is strong
2.

Direction: Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong' argument and which is a 'weak' argument.Statement: Flood is a natural disaster that is caused due to the accumulation of excessive water in a region. This is often an outcome of heavy rainfall. Many regions also face flood due to the overflow of river or ocean water, breaking of dams and melting of snow.Argument:I. Many people and animals lose their lives because of severe flash floods. Many others get injured and are infected by various diseases.II. Water accumulated at places for days result in the breeding of mosquitoes and other insects that are the cause of various diseases such as malaria and dengue.

A. If only argument I is strong.
B. If only argument II is strong.
C. If either I or II is strong.
D. If neither I nor II is strong
E. If both I and II are strong.
Answer» F.
3.

In the question a statement is given, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument.Statement: Should prison term of those criminals who have shown good behaviour be reduced?Argument I: No, if they are freed they will again commit crimes.Argument II: Yes, this will incentivise others to show good behaviour.

A. if only argument I is strong
B. if neither argument I nor II is strong
C. if both argument I and II are strong
D. if only argument II is strong
Answer» E.
4.

A question is given followed by two arguments. Decide which arguments are stronger in relation to the question.Question:Do dogs love selflessly?Arguments:1. Yes, dogs are very loyal and loving; Having a pet dog at home creates a very friendly atmosphere.2. No, this is just a human thinking; Rather, dogs need the freedom to live a life without human intervention.

A. Only argument 1 is strong.
B. Only argument 2 is strong.
C. Neither argument 1 nor 2 is strong.
D. Both 1 and 2 are strong arguments.
Answer» D. Both 1 and 2 are strong arguments.
5.

Consider the argument and decide which of the given assumptions is / are implicit.Argument:Today is Sunday.Assumption:1. Tomorrow is Monday.2. Today is a holiday.

A. Only assumption 1 follows
B. Only assumption 2 follows
C. Neither 1 and 2 follows
D. Both 1 and 2 follows
Answer» B. Only assumption 2 follows
6.

Consider the statement and the following arguments and decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the 4 statements.Statement: To save the city from air pollution, should citizens use more public transport?Arguments: I. Yes, everybody should only use public transport unless it is an emergencyII. No, it is not a very good idea to use public transport as it might not be convenient for all

A. Only argument I is strong
B. Only argument II is strong
C. Both arguments I and II are strong
D. Neither I nor II is strong
Answer» B. Only argument II is strong
7.

According to one statement, two arguments are given. Decide which argument is stronger with respect to the statement.Statement:Should the Indian government stop spending large amounts of money on border security?Argument:I. Yes, it is a waste of public moneyII. No, it is a national security issue

A. Either I or II is strong.
B. Only II is strong.
C. Neither I nor II are strong.
D. Only I is strong.
Answer» C. Neither I nor II are strong.
8.

In making decision about important question, it is desirable to be able to distinguish between "Strong" arguments and "Weak arguments". "Strong" arguments must be both important and directly related to the question. "Weak" arguments may not be directly related to the question and may be of minor importance or may be related to the trivial aspects of the question. Question given below is followed by two arguments numbered a), b). You have to decide which of the argument(s) is/are "Strong" and indicate your answer accordingly.Statement:Should the Government close Telugu medium schools?Arguments:a) Yes, this will help the Government to save money on salaries to teachers. Telugu medium schools?

A. Only a) is strong
B. Only b) is strong
C. Both a) and b) are strong
D. Both a) and b) are weak
Answer» B. Only b) is strong
9.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is are strong with respect to statement.Statement:There should be strict penalty for people using mobile phone while driving.Arguments:I. Yes, it will ensure that the number of accident due to mobile phone usage gets avoided.II. No, it is difficult to implement as people are used to using cell phones anywhere.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Both I and II are strong
C. Only argument II is strong
D. Neither I nor II is strong
Answer» B. Both I and II are strong
10.

Consider the given argument and decide which of the given assumptions is (are) implicit.Argument:The year 2020 is a leap year.Assumptions:1. February will have 29 days in 2020.2. The year 2017 is not a leap year.

A. Only assumption 1 is implicit.
B. Neither 1 nor 2 is implicit.
C. Both 1 and 2 are implicit.
D. Only assumption 2 is implicit.
Answer» D. Only assumption 2 is implicit.
11.

A statement and some logics are given below. Consider the given statement to be true even if it is different from commonly known facts and identify which of the given arguments is stronger.statement:Should parents of tenth grade students force their children to study only and not play games during the year?logic:I. Yes, involvement in sports is responsible for low marks in examinations.II. No, the balance of study and play will develop both mental and physical children.

A. Both are strong.
B. Only I is strong.
C. Neither I nor logic II are strong.
D. Only logic II is strong.
Answer» E.
12.

Given is a question followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the question.Question:Should we avoid overuse of air conditioners?Arguments:Yes, it weakens the human system.No, the comfort cannot be forsaken.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Both arguments I and II are strong.
C. Only argument II is strong.
D. Neither argument I nor II is strong.
Answer» B. Both arguments I and II are strong.
13.

Given is a statement followed by two arguments numbered I and II. Consider the statement and the arguments and decide which of the arguments is strong.Statement:Is the choice of junk food a better option to create interest in eating in children?Arguments:I. Yes, the best way to create interest is to give the food a child likes.II. No, junk food is the reason behind obesity, heart diseases, diabetes and other health problems and it is important to induce healthy eating habits in children.

A. Only argument II is strong.
B. Both arguments I and II are strong
C. Neither argument I nor II is strong
D. Only argument I is strong
Answer» B. Both arguments I and II are strong
14.

Direction: In the question below are given a statement followed by two courses of action numbered I and II. A course of action is a step or administrative decision to be taken for improvement, follow-up or further action regarding the problem, policy, etc. Based on the information given in the statement to be true, then decide which of the suggested courses of action logically follow(s) for pursuing.Statement:In India, thousands of people die due to consumption of toxic alcohol. The government has taken certain steps previously but none of them were effective. Faizal, who has been recently appointed as the officer of narcotics department is given the project to suggest some of the schemes/ advice to stop the consumption of toxic alcohol. After certain research, Faizal found that most of the toxic alcohol contains the XYZ component. The XYZ component is mainly used to build certain types of medicines. The permit of XYZ component is accessible to any small companies.Course of Actions:I. Faizal suggests allowing the usage of XYZ components to only Pharmaceutical companies.II. Faizal suggests to publish an order that using XYZ components in alcoholic drinks would be punishable by law.

A. Only I follows.
B. Only II follows.
C. Either I or II follows.
D. Neither I nor II follows.
E. Both I and II follow.
Answer» F.
15.

Below is a question followed by two arguments. Determine which argument(s) are stronger in the context of the question.Question: Should there be a canteen in the school area?Argument:I. Yes, it is inconvenient for some students and staff to bring food from their home every day.II. No, there should not be a canteen in the school area.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Only argument II is strong.
C. Argument I and II are both strong.
D. Argument I and both II are not strong.
Answer» B. Only argument II is strong.
16.

Consider the given statement true and decide which of the given conclusion(s) logically follow(s) from the statement.Statement:Arise, awake and stop not until the goal is reached.Conclusions:1. A human being has to get out of his state of helplessness.2. No individual is weak.

A. Neither conclusion 1 nor 2 follows.
B. Both conclusions 1 and 2 follow.
C. Only conclusion 2 follows.
D. Only conclusion 1 follows.
Answer» C. Only conclusion 2 follows.
17.

A statement is followed by two arguments. You have to decide which of the argument is/are strong with respect to the statement.Statement:Should every household use solar energy to reduce electricity requirements?Argument:I. Yes, this will save resources and also promote environmental compatibility.II. No panels are expensive and not all houses can buy them without subsidies.

A. Both arguments I and II are strong.
B. Neither argument I nor II is strong.
C. Only argument I is strong.
D. Only argument II is strong.
Answer» D. Only argument II is strong.
18.

Directions: In the question a statement is given, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument.Statement: Should Chinese crackers be banned?Argument I: No, China will be hurt by this decision.Argument II: Yes, crackers kill insects.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Only argument II is strong.
C. Both I and II are strong.
D. Neither I nor II is strong.
Answer» E.
19.

In the question a statement is given, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument.Statement: Should songs be eliminated from Indian movies.Argument I: Yes, Hollywood movies are hit despite having no songs.Argument II: No, songs help increase length of the movie.

A. if only argument I is strong.
B. if only argument II is strong.
C. if both I and II are strong.
D. if neither I nor II is strong.
Answer» E.
20.

Below is a statement followed by some arguments. Assume the given statement to be true even if it is at variance with commonly known facts and decide which of the given arguments fully elucidates the given statement.Statement:Should dyslexic children only be taught at home by parents?Argument:I. Yes, home is the only safe environment for dyslexic children.II. No, suitable support mechanisms need to be established anywhere at home or outside.

A. Both arguments are explanatory.
B. Both arguments I or II are not explanatory.
C. Only II is explanatory.
D. Only I is explanatory.
Answer» D. Only I is explanatory.
21.

"liberty, therefore, is never real unless the Government can be called to account when it invades right."Which one of the following is the best justification of the above statement?

A. In the realisation that the government can be brought to book in a court of law
B. In identifying a man as a political unit in a way which distinguishes him from other citizens
C. In a decentralized society wherein the basic needs of men can find satisfaction
D. In the understanding that liberty and restraints are complementary
Answer» B. In identifying a man as a political unit in a way which distinguishes him from other citizens
22.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is are strong with respect to the statement. Statement:Every week schools should allow a free, full day of physical activity and gamesArguments:I. Yes, giving them freedom will help them to interact with others and explore new avenuesII. No, there wouldn’t be discipline.

A. Neither I nor II is strong
B. Only argument II is strong
C. Only argument I is strong
D. Both I and II are strong
Answer» D. Both I and II are strong
23.

In the question a statement is given, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument.Statement: Should sale of alcohol near highways be banned?Argument I: No, people should have freedom to decide as it is their fundamental right.Argument II: Yes, 90% of road accidents involve drivers who are under influence of alcohol.

A. If only argument I is strong.
B. If only argument II is strong.
C. If both I and II are strong.
D. If neither I nor II is strong.
Answer» C. If both I and II are strong.
24.

Given below is a question, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument, with respect to the question.Question: Should advertisements be banned on television?Argument I: Yes, advertisements are immoral.Argument II: No, advertisements bring in revenue which helps reduce cost for viewers.

A. Only argument II is strong.
B. Only argument I is strong.
C. Neither I nor II is strong.
D. Both I and II are strong.
Answer» B. Only argument I is strong.
25.

Consider the following question followed by two arguments numbered I and II. Decide which of the arguments is a strong argument.Should there be awareness programs conducted by local government bodies to educate masses about rainwater harvesting?Arguments:I. Yes, water is very precious. Awareness must be increased to preserve our natural resources.II. No, only the green cover must be increased. Rainwater harvesting has been happening naturally for generations.

A. Neither argument I nor II is strong
B. Only argument II is strong
C. Only argument I is strong
D. Both argument I and II are strong
Answer» D. Both argument I and II are strong
26.

Below is a question followed by two arguments. Determine which argument(s) are stronger in the context of the question.Question:Are Laptops better than Desktops?Argument:I. Yes, they can be taken anywhere.II. No, they are of low configuration.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Only argument II is strong.
C. Argument I and II are both strong.
D. Both arguments I and II are not strong.
Answer» B. Only argument II is strong.
27.

Direction: The question consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the given argument is strong and which argument is weak.Statement: Should sugar consumption be reduced to lead a healthy life?Arguments:I. Yes. The consumption of sugar increases the risk of obesity, diabetes and heart diseases.II. No. Sugar enhances the taste in the food that we consume.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Only argument II is strong.
C. Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
D. Both arguments I and II are strong.
Answer» B. Only argument II is strong.
28.

A question is given followed by two arguments. Decide which arguments are stronger in relation to the question.Question:Do people who work late at night have higher levels of toxins than people of normal working hours?Argument:1. Yes, our health improves when we respect our natural body time and sleep early.2. No, nowadays, working till late at night is unavoidable because we work in many time zones.

A. Only argument 1 is strong.
B. Only argument 2 is strong.
C. Neither argument 1 nor 2 is strong.
D. Both 1 and 2 arguments are strong.
Answer» B. Only argument 2 is strong.
29.

Consider the given statement and decide which of the following argument(s) is/are strong.Statement:Should CBDT abolish income tax in India?Argument 1: Yes, it is an unnecessary burden on the wage earners in India.Argument 2: No, it is a good source of revenue for Indian Government.

A. Neither argument 1 nor 2 is strong.
B. Only argument 2 is strong.
C. Only argument 1 is strong.
D. Both arguments 1 and 2 are strong.
Answer» C. Only argument 1 is strong.
30.

Given is a statement followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement.Statement:There is an increase in mobile usage and cell phone towers.Arguments:I. It shows global development and fast and easy way to get connected with the wider world.II. In the long run, there will be more signals that will affect the normal functioning of the ecological systems.

A. Neither argument I nor II is strong.
B. Both arguments I and II are strong.
C. Only arguments I is strong.
D. Only argument II is strong.
Answer» D. Only argument II is strong.
31.

Direction: In the following question, there is a statement first, and two arguments, 1 and 2, are given below it. You have to consider which of the argument/arguments are influential in the statement by considering the given arguments. Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives.Statements: The use of mobile phones should be banned while driving.Argument 1: Yes, it causes road accidents.Argument 2: No, this will hinder the business.

A. Argument 1 is effective
B. Argument 2 is effective
C. Arguments 1 and 2 are effective
D. Neither argument 1 nor 2 is effective
Answer» B. Argument 2 is effective
32.

Directions: The question given below consists of a passage, followed by three arguments I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are 'strong' arguments and which of the arguments are 'weak' arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question.Passage: Ministry of Railways has invited bids for operating of passenger train services over 109 routes, using 151 modern trains on the existing rail infrastructure. It is the first step ever in the direction of private investment for running passenger trains over the Indian Railways network. An estimated ₹30,000 crore investment is expected, beginning from 2023.Is this a good step from the Indian Railways?Arguments:I. Yes. An Expert Committee under the Chairmanship of Bibek Debroy had recommended the step in 2015.II. Yes.This will improve the quality of services offered by Railways due to a higher focus on customer satisfaction.III. No. Losses of Private players in Passenger services will have to be cross-subsidized from freight carriage profits of Indian Railways.

A. Only I and II are strong
B. Only II and III are strong
C. Only I is strong
D. Only II is strong
E. All the arguments are strong
Answer» B. Only II and III are strong
33.

In the question, a statement is given, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument.Statement: Should speed breakers be banned?Argument I: Yes, data shows that number of accidents increase after putting the speed breakers.Argument II: No, it teaches fast drivers a lesson.

A. if only argument I is strong
B. if only argument II is strong.
C. if both I and II are strong.
D. if neither I nor II is strong.
Answer» B. if only argument II is strong.
34.

Consider the given argument and decide which of the given assumptions in (are) implicit.Argument:A top television company announced up to 50% discount on their new launch of LED TV.Assumptions:1. The sales of LED TV may increase.2. The company will become the top seller of LED TV.

A. Only assumption 1 is implicit.
B. Only assumption 2 is implicit.
C. Both 1 and 2 are implicit.
D. Neither 1 nor 2 is implicit.
Answer» B. Only assumption 2 is implicit.
35.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement.Statement:Should Shubham accept a foreign assignment for a year?Arguments:I. Yes. He can add foreign currency to this coin collection.II. No. Shubham's old parents often fall sick and his wife's advanced pregnancy is in a critical stage.

A. Only argument I is strong
B. Only argument II is strong
C. Neither argument I nor argument II is strong
D. Both the arguments are strong
Answer» C. Neither argument I nor argument II is strong
36.

In the question, a statement is given, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument.Statement:Should the Integrity of Wildlife Sanctuaries be maintained?Argument:I. Yes, endangered species should be given a special place to live in, which promotes ecological balance.॥. No, they should attract more and more visitors to generate income.

A. Only argument 2 is a ‘strong’ argument.
B. Only argument 1 is a ‘strong’ argument.
C. Argument 1 and 2 both are ‘strong’ argument.
D. Neither argument 1 nor 2 is a ‘strong’ argument
Answer» C. Argument 1 and 2 both are ‘strong’ argument.
37.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement.Statement:Should gymnastics be made compulsory in schools?Arguments:I. Yes, it would help in overall development of a child.II. No, it is unnecessary waste of time and energy. Children should be sent to extra coaching classes.

A. Only argument II is strong
B. Only argument I is strong
C. Both I and II are strong
D. Neither I nor II is strong
Answer» C. Both I and II are strong
38.

Given is a statement followed by two arguments numbered I and II. Consider the statement and the following arguments and decide which of the arguments is/are strong?Statement:Are 21st century teenagers under stress?Arguments:I. Yes, teenagers’ perception is that are expected to be successful or good at everything. Failure has somehow gone from being viewed as a learning opportunity to being clearly unacceptable.II. No, stress is a relative perception that can be managed with proper guidance.

A. Only argument II is strong.
B. Both arguments I and II are strong.
C. Only argument I is strong
D. Neither argument I nor II is strong
Answer» C. Only argument I is strong
39.

Given is a statement followed by two arguments numbered I and II. Consider the statement and the arguments and decide which of the arguments is/are strong.Statement:Does eating an apple a day keep the doctor away?Argument:I. Yes, eating an apple everyday provides all the nutrients required for the body.II. No, all kinds of fruits are important for a healthy body growth.

A. Only argument II is strong
B. Both arguments I and II are strong
C. Only argument I is strong
D. Neither argument I nor II is strong
Answer» B. Both arguments I and II are strong
40.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement.Statement:Too much of pain killer affects the liver.Arguments:I. Yes, for all small aches we should avoid taking pain killers.II. No, when we have the comfort of gulping a tablet; why to beat the pain?

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Both I and II are strong
C. Only argument II is strong
D. Neither I nor II is strong
Answer» B. Both I and II are strong
41.

Below is a question followed by two arguments. Determine which argument/s is/ are strong in the context of the question.Question: Should examinations be held in the school system?Argument I: Yes, examinations assess students' academic and non-academic achievements.Argument II: No, many students do not like exams.

A. Only argument I is strong.
B. Only argument II is strong.
C. Both arguments I and II are strong.
D. Both arguments I and II are not strong.
Answer» B. Only argument II is strong.
42.

Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the argument a ‘strong’ argument?Statement:Should table etiquettes be a part of kindergarten curriculum?Arguments:I. Yes, enforcing good etiquette gives children a sense of responsibility. II. No, etiquettes are meant only for adults not for children

A. Only argument II is strong
B. Neither I nor II is strong and
C. Both I and II are strong.
D. Only argument I is strong
Answer» E.
43.

Consider the following arguments:A. All poets are idlers.B. No poets are idlers.Which of the following conclusion can logically be drawn ?

A. A can be true and B can be false
B. A can be false and B can be true
C. Both statements A and B can be false
D. Both statements A and B can be true
Answer» D. Both statements A and B can be true
44.

Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments is ‘strong’ argument.Statement:Should there be dress code for college students?Arguments:I. Yes, a dress code will bring unity and eliminate discrimination.II. No, dress code takes away the opportunity to showcase students’ style sense.

A. Neither I nor II is strong
B. Both I and II are strong
C. Only argument I is strong
D. Only argument II is strong
Answer» D. Only argument II is strong
45.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decided which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement. Statement:Should taxes on perfume be further increased?Argument:1. Yes, perfume is a luxury item used by rich people only.2. No, Perfume is used by poor people also.

A. Neither argument 1 and 2 is strong
B. Either argument 1 or 2 is strong
C. Only argument 1 is strong
D. Only argument 2 is strong
Answer» B. Either argument 1 or 2 is strong
46.

Consider the statement and the following arguments and decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement.Statement:The number of cars in the city has increased and it’s a menace for the bicycle ridersArguments:I. Yes, increased four wheeler traffic creates jam at junctions and other commuters are affected. There should be a cap on the four wheeler sales in a yearII. No, if well-disciplined driving rules are followed, increase in car volume will not result in road menace

A. Only argument I is strong
B. Neither I nor II is strong
C. Only arguments II is strong
D. Both arguments I and II are strong
Answer» B. Neither I nor II is strong
47.

Directions: Read the data given below carefully and then choose the right option accordingly.Making use of plastic bags is very harmful for the nature and ecosystem. So, the use of paper bags has been encouraged for a while now. While the plastic bags can be reused and have a large life span unlike the paper bags.Which of these statements is not in favour of using paper bags?

A. Paper bags are biodegradable.
B. Paper bags give a sophisticated appearance.
C. Plastic bags kill animals.
D. Disposing plastic bags causes lots of pollution.
E. Trees are cut down to produce paper bags.
Answer» F.
48.

A statement is followed by two arguments. Decide which of the arguments is/are strong with respect to the statement.statement:Should Public be mobilized to adopt and maintain trees road side?Arguments:Yes, this will help to recover the green cover faster as each would take responsibility for the trees near their homes.No, the local government bodies should maintain as public would not take responsibility.

A. Only argument II is strong
B. Only argument I is strong
C. Neither I nor II is strong
D. Both I and II are strong
Answer» C. Neither I nor II is strong
49.

Here, a statement is followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong argument' and which is a 'weak argument'.Statement: Should student union election in Universities be banned?Arguments:I. Yes, it will help to create an academic atmosphere in Universities.II. No, we will not find any future political leaders.

A. only argument I is strong
B. only argument II is strong
C. neither I nor II is strong
D. both I and II are strong arguments
Answer» E.
50.

In the question a statement is given, followed by two arguments, I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given arguments, if any, is a strong argument.Statement: Should eating Paan at public places be made punishable?Argument I: Yes, people eat Paan and spit and makes public places dirty. Argument II: No, Indians love Paan.

A. if only argument I is strong.
B. if only argument II is strong.
C. if both I and II are strong.
D. if neither I nor II is strong.
Answer» B. if only argument II is strong.