MCQOPTIONS
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MCQOPTIONS
This section includes 135 Mcqs, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your Biology knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 51. |
Diabetes is associated with |
| A. | carbuncles |
| B. | mucormycosis |
| C. | all of the above |
| Answer» F. | |
| 52. |
Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is associated with |
| A. | decreased insulin sensitivity |
| B. | abnormal glucokinase activity |
| C. | no antibodies found at diagnosis |
| D. | auto-immune insulitis |
| E. | twin concordance greater than 70 % |
| Answer» E. twin concordance greater than 70 % | |
| 53. |
The histological appearance of contraction brands in association with acute myocardial infarction indicate |
| A. | previous old myocardial infarctions |
| B. | early aneurysmal formation |
| C. | compensatory responses to decreased myocardial contractility |
| D. | a right ventricular infarct |
| E. | recent reperfusion therapy |
| Answer» F. | |
| 54. |
Regarding acute tubular necrosis |
| A. | it is associated with hyperkalemia not hypokalemia in recovery |
| B. | non-oliguric has a better recovery |
| C. | it is associated with ischaemic cortical cells |
| D. | 80 % are associated with anuria |
| Answer» C. it is associated with ischaemic cortical cells | |
| 55. |
The most common cause of pericarditis is |
| A. | SLE |
| B. | drug hypersensitivity |
| C. | trauma |
| D. | post myocardial infarction |
| E. | bacterial |
| Answer» E. bacterial | |
| 56. |
Regarding pancreatitis |
| A. | the second most common cause is infectious agents |
| B. | trypsin is implicated as an activator of the kinin system |
| C. | the chronic form is usually due to gallstones |
| D. | duct obstruction is not the mechanism in alcoholic pancreatitis |
| E. | elastase is the only pancreatic enzyme that acts to limit pancreatitis |
| Answer» C. the chronic form is usually due to gallstones | |
| 57. |
Regarding the hepatorenal syndrome |
| A. | it is irreversible |
| B. | one loses the ability to concentrate urine |
| C. | urine has a high sodium concentration |
| D. | the urine is hyperosmolar |
| E. | the favoured theory of it s generation involves increased renal blood |
| Answer» E. the favoured theory of it s generation involves increased renal blood | |
| 58. |
Regarding metastasis |
| A. | All carcinomas have the ability to metastasise |
| B. | Highly invasive carcinomas rarely metastasise |
| C. | Carcinomas typically spread via lymphatics compared with haematogenous spread |
| D. | Tumour cells develop increased cohesiveness of their cell surface in the formation of cancer cell emboli |
| E. | Cells involved in lymphatic dissemination release degradative enzymes |
| Answer» F. | |
| 59. |
Regarding giant cell arteritis, which statement is not correct |
| A. | Affects medium arteries |
| B. | Affects small arteries including vertebral |
| C. | Affects small arteries including ophthalmic |
| D. | Has an increased prevalence of HLA-DR4 |
| E. | Has no gastrointestinal manifestations |
| Answer» F. | |
| 60. |
Regarding haemorrhagic infarction of the brain, which of the following is not true |
| A. | it usually results from an embolic event |
| B. | it usually contains multiple petechial haemorrhages which may be confluent |
| C. | the distinction between this and non haemorrhagic infarcts is clinically insignificant |
| D. | the haemorrhages are presumed to be secondary to reperfusion injury |
| E. | the size of it will depend in part upon the collateral blood supply to that area |
| Answer» D. the haemorrhages are presumed to be secondary to reperfusion injury | |
| 61. |
Regarding peptic ulceration |
| A. | it occurs most commonly in the antrum of the stomach |
| B. | it has a strong genetic influence |
| C. | there is H. pylori infection of the mucosa in 50% of patients with duodenal ulceration |
| D. | it is more frequent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| E. | gastric acid is the only prerequisite for formation of ulcers |
| Answer» E. gastric acid is the only prerequisite for formation of ulcers | |
| 62. |
Mumps virus is a |
| A. | Adenovirus |
| B. | Herpes virus |
| C. | Paramyxovirus |
| D. | Pox virus |
| E. | Picornavirus |
| Answer» D. Pox virus | |
| 63. |
In viral hepatitis |
| A. | the majority of cases of acute Hepatitis B infection result in a carrier state, without clinical evidence of disease |
| B. | anti HB s appears in the first week of infection |
| C. | anti HCV IgG does not confer immunity to Hepatitis C |
| D. | the major cause of death from Hepatitis B is hepatocellular carcinoma |
| E. | Hepatitis A virus has an outer surface envelope of protein, lipid and carbohydrate |
| Answer» D. the major cause of death from Hepatitis B is hepatocellular carcinoma | |
| 64. |
With regards to jaundice |
| A. | Conjugated bilirubin causes kernicterus in adults |
| B. | Unconjugated bilirubin does not colour sclera |
| C. | Unconjugated bilirubin is tightly bound to albumin |
| D. | Unconjugated bilirubin produces bilirubin in urine |
| E. | Conjugated bilirubin is tightly bound to albumin |
| Answer» D. Unconjugated bilirubin produces bilirubin in urine | |
| 65. |
In apoptosis |
| A. | It involves physiologic and pathologic stimuli |
| B. | Histologically, it involves coagulation necrosis |
| C. | Its DNA breakdown is random and diffuse |
| D. | Its mechanism involves ATP depletion |
| E. | It involves an inflammatory tissue reaction |
| Answer» B. Histologically, it involves coagulation necrosis | |
| 66. |
The following are primary mediators of type I hypersensitivity reactions except |
| A. | Adenosine |
| B. | Neutrophil chemotactic factor |
| C. | Heparin |
| D. | Platelet activating factor |
| E. | Acid hydrolases |
| Answer» E. Acid hydrolases | |
| 67. |
Malignant neoplasms |
| A. | Are independent of hormonal influence |
| B. | Are always composed of homogeneous cell lines |
| C. | Arise from differentiated cells by a process of anaplasia |
| D. | Display abnormal nuclei with pale nucleoli |
| E. | Typically grow more rapidly than benign |
| Answer» F. | |
| 68. |
The virus causing molluscum contagiosum belongs to the following viral family |
| A. | adeno |
| B. | herpes |
| C. | parvo |
| D. | pox |
| E. | picorna |
| Answer» E. picorna | |
| 69. |
In a healthy individual over the age of 5 years, lymphocytes are mainly found in |
| A. | bone marrow, thymus, spleen |
| B. | liver, thymus, spleen |
| C. | lymph nodes, spleen, thymus |
| D. | bone marrow, spleen, liver |
| E. | liver, spleen, pancreas |
| Answer» D. bone marrow, spleen, liver | |
| 70. |
Which of the following is malignant |
| A. | Squamous cell papilloma |
| B. | Hydatidiform mole |
| C. | Chondroma |
| D. | Mature teratoma |
| E. | Bronchial carcinoid |
| Answer» F. | |
| 71. |
A young baby presents with jaundice, dark urine and pale stools. He is most likely to have |
| A. | Physiologic jaundice of the newborn |
| B. | Breast milk jaundice |
| C. | Gilbert s syndrome |
| D. | Biliary atresia |
| E. | None of the above |
| Answer» E. None of the above | |
| 72. |
Which of the following is true of chronic myeloid leukaemia |
| A. | Most common leukaemia |
| B. | Decreased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase level |
| C. | Usually occurs in patients less than 40 years old |
| D. | Increased WBC count with an abnormal differential |
| E. | Rarely associated with the Philadelphia chromosome |
| Answer» C. Usually occurs in patients less than 40 years old | |
| 73. |
Which of the following is true concerning rhabdomyolysis |
| A. | It is caused by injury to smooth muscle |
| B. | Its diagnosis depends on the presence of characteristic physical findings |
| C. | The final common pathway of injury involves damage to the sarcolemma |
| D. | Renal failure is due to acute glomerular nephritis |
| E. | Occurs only in trauma |
| Answer» D. Renal failure is due to acute glomerular nephritis | |
| 74. |
In type 1 diabetes |
| A. | associated organ-specific auto-immune disorders are common |
| B. | a genetic susceptibility is not supported by evidence |
| C. | Finnish children have a 70 fold increase compared with Korean children |
| D. | Influenza and varicella viruses are suspected as initiators of the disease |
| E. | Children who ingest cows milk early in life may have a lower incidence |
| Answer» D. Influenza and varicella viruses are suspected as initiators of the disease | |
| 75. |
In reversible cell injury, all are true except |
| A. | ATP depletion is responsible for acute cellular swelling |
| B. | Can cause myocardial cells to cease contraction within 60 seconds |
| C. | ATP is generated anaerobically from creatine phosphate |
| D. | Mitochondrial swelling and degranulation of ER are the hallmarks of irreversible cellular damage |
| E. | Is associated with myelin figures |
| Answer» E. Is associated with myelin figures | |
| 76. |
With regard to apoptosis, which of the following is incorrect |
| A. | it may be regarded as a normal physiological process |
| B. | it is characterised by chromatin condensation |
| C. | it often elicits a strong inflammatory response |
| D. | it is the process by which ovaries atrophy in post menopausal women |
| E. | it is characterised by cell shrinkage |
| Answer» D. it is the process by which ovaries atrophy in post menopausal women | |
| 77. |
With regard to the acute inflammatory response, which is the most common mechanism of vascular leakage |
| A. | endothelial cell contraction |
| B. | junctional retraction |
| C. | direct injury |
| D. | leukocyte-dependent leakage |
| E. | regenerating endothelium |
| Answer» B. junctional retraction | |
| 78. |
With regard to natural killer lymphocytes |
| A. | constitute less than 5% of blood lymphocytes |
| B. | require opsonisation to enable their killing of cells |
| C. | have a prime role in defense against parasites |
| D. | require prior sensitisation to be effective |
| E. | have an innate ability to lyse tumour cells and virally affected cells |
| Answer» F. | |
| 79. |
With regard to B lymphocytes |
| A. | they constitute 50% of circulating lymphocytes |
| B. | they are found in germinal centres in the red pulp of the spleen |
| C. | they are genetically programmed to recognise specific antigens by means of antigen specific cell surface receptors |
| D. | they release chemical mediators when attached to IgE Type I hypersensitivity reactions |
| E. | they are not affected by HIV infection |
| Answer» D. they release chemical mediators when attached to IgE Type I hypersensitivity reactions | |
| 80. |
A 50-year old woman presents with back pain. X-rays suggest a malignant deposit in the 10th thoracic vertebra. The least likely primary site is |
| A. | breast |
| B. | ovary |
| C. | thyroid |
| D. | kidney |
| E. | colon |
| Answer» E. colon | |
| 81. |
The most common site of origin of emboli causing cerebrovascular disease is |
| A. | common carotid artery |
| B. | internal carotid artery |
| C. | the heart |
| D. | either end of basilar artery |
| E. | intracranial vessels |
| Answer» D. either end of basilar artery | |
| 82. |
The factor conferring the most risk in thromboembolic disease is |
| A. | smoking |
| B. | atrial fibrillation |
| C. | oral contraceptives |
| D. | prolonged bed rest |
| E. | late pregnancy / post delivery |
| Answer» E. late pregnancy / post delivery | |
| 83. |
Most pulmonary emboli |
| A. | cause centrally located pulmonary haemorrhage |
| B. | cause pulmonary infarction |
| C. | cause acute right heart failure |
| D. | are clinically silent |
| E. | lead to pulmonary hypertension |
| Answer» E. lead to pulmonary hypertension | |
| 84. |
A performed mediator of inflammation is |
| A. | Prostaglandin |
| B. | Histamine |
| C. | Leukotriene |
| D. | Nitric oxide |
| E. | Platelet activating factor |
| Answer» C. Leukotriene | |
| 85. |
Granulomatous inflammation |
| A. | may sometimes be a component of the acute inflammatory response |
| B. | indicates the presence of tuberculosis |
| C. | consists, in part, of microscopic aggregates of transformed lymphocytes |
| D. | is always associated with the presence of giant cells |
| E. | may result from non-immune mechanisms |
| Answer» F. | |
| 86. |
In acute inflammation, all of the following are true except |
| A. | there is contraction of endothelial cells |
| B. | there is a mononuclear infiltrate |
| C. | there is induction of adhesion molecules on endothelium |
| D. | there is production of arachidonic acid metabolites |
| E. | cytokines induce a systemic acute phase response |
| Answer» C. there is induction of adhesion molecules on endothelium | |
| 87. |
With regard to the leukocyte extravasation of the acute inflammatory response, which of the following is incorrect |
| A. | ELAM-1 is a selectin found on endothelium |
| B. | E and P-selectins bind to oligosaccharides found on neutrophils and monocytes |
| C. | L-selectin is found on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes |
| D. | ICAM-1 belongs to the immunoglobulin family of molecules, and is found on leukocytes |
| E. | VCAM-1 binds to integrins |
| Answer» E. VCAM-1 binds to integrins | |
| 88. |
The commonest site of a Berry aneurysm in the Circle of Willis is |
| A. | junction of anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries |
| B. | junction of middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries |
| C. | bifurcation of the basilar artery |
| D. | the middle cerebral artery |
| E. | junction of the posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries |
| Answer» B. junction of middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries | |
| 89. |
Successful immune response to HIV during the acute phase of infection results from |
| A. | increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte numbers |
| B. | appearance of anti-HIV antibodies |
| C. | Type III hypersensitivity reaction |
| D. | lymphoid tissue based destruction of infected cells |
| E. | development of CD8+ virus specific cytotoxic cells |
| Answer» F. | |
| 90. |
The most common cause of Traveller s diarrhoea is |
| A. | Rotavirus |
| B. | E.coli |
| C. | Shigella |
| D. | Salmonella |
| E. | Giardia |
| Answer» C. Shigella | |
| 91. |
Prothrombotic characteristics of endothelium include |
| A. | Plasminogen activator |
| B. | Prostacyclin |
| C. | von Willebrand factor |
| D. | Thrombomodulin |
| E. | Heparin like molecules |
| Answer» D. Thrombomodulin | |
| 92. |
With regard to aortic dissection, which is incorrect |
| A. | it tends to occur in 40-60 year old men |
| B. | approximately 90% of non-traumatic cases occur in patients with antecedent hypertension |
| C. | it is usually associated with marked dilatation of the aorta |
| D. | it is unusual in the presence of substantial atherosclerosis |
| E. | it is usually caused by an intimal tear within 10cm of the aortic valve |
| Answer» D. it is unusual in the presence of substantial atherosclerosis | |
| 93. |
Acute compensatory mechanisms in shock include all of the following except |
| A. | Baroreceptor reflexes |
| B. | Reverse stress-relaxation of vascular smooth muscle |
| C. | The effects of increased aldosterone secretion |
| D. | Activation of the renin-angiotensin system |
| E. | The central nervous system ischaemic response |
| Answer» D. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system | |
| 94. |
Iron deficiency anaemia features |
| A. | a normal haematocrit |
| B. | increased serum ferritin |
| C. | normal mean red cell volume |
| D. | low platelet count |
| E. | none of the above |
| Answer» F. | |
| 95. |
Cellular events in acute inflammation include all of the following except |
| A. | redistribution of preformed adhesion molecules to the cell surface of leukocytes |
| B. | adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes to endothelium |
| C. | leukocyte activation |
| D. | margination of macrophages to vessel walls |
| E. | extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes and products of arachidonic acid metabolism |
| Answer» E. extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes and products of arachidonic acid metabolism | |
| 96. |
All of the following are neoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer except |
| A. | Cushing s syndrome |
| B. | syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion |
| C. | hypocalcaemia |
| D. | carcinoid syndrome |
| E. | hypertrophic osteoarthropathy |
| Answer» D. carcinoid syndrome | |
| 97. |
In acute pancreatitis |
| A. | fat necrosis occurs in other intra-abdominal fatty deposits |
| B. | trauma is the precipitating cause in 30 % of cases |
| C. | alcohol is directly toxic to the Islets of Langerhans |
| D. | Kallikrein converts trypsin to activate the complement system |
| E. | Erythromycin has been implicated in severe cases |
| Answer» B. trauma is the precipitating cause in 30 % of cases | |
| 98. |
Regarding septic shock |
| A. | Endotoxin is the only cause |
| B. | Marked vasoconstriction occurs in the non-infected tissue |
| C. | Cardiac output is low in 75% of patients |
| D. | Endotoxin entering the circulation causes an effect very similar to anaphylaxis |
| E. | Blood viscosity is unchanged |
| Answer» E. Blood viscosity is unchanged | |
| 99. |
Shock in burn patients is primarily due to |
| A. | Neurogenic factors |
| B. | Hypovolaemia |
| C. | Acute erythrocyte haemolysis |
| D. | Myocardial depression factor |
| E. | All of the above |
| Answer» F. | |
| 100. |
Cushing syndrome is associated with |
| A. | osteoporosis |
| B. | general obesity |
| C. | hypotension |
| Answer» B. general obesity | |