Pharmacodynamics

If two drugs with the same effect, taken together, produce an effect that is equal in magnitude to the sum of the effects of the drugs given individually, it is called as: 

a) Antagonism 

b) Potentiation 

c) Additive effect 

d) None of the above 

The substance binding to one receptor sub type as an agonist and to another as an antagonist is called: 

a) Competitive antagonist 

b) Irreversible antagonist 

c) Agonist-antagonist 

d) Partial agonist

Dependence is often associated with tolerance to a drug, a physical abstinence syndrome, and psychological dependence (craving). This consideration is: 

a) True 

b) False

Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor: 

a) Adenylyl cyclase

b) Sodium ions 

c) Phospholipase C 

d) cAMP

All of the following statements about efficacy and potency are true EXCEPT: 

a) Efficacy is usually a more important clinical consideration than potency 

b) Efficacy is the maximum effect of a drug 

c) Potency is a comparative measure, refers to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same effect 

d) The ED₅₀ is a measure of drug’s efficacy

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of: 

a) Change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators 

b) Increased receptor sensitivity 

c) Decreased metabolic degradation 

d) Decreased renal tubular secretion

The increase of second messengers’ (cAMP, cGMP, Ca²⁺ etc.) concentration leads to: 

a) Inhibition of intracellular protein kinases and protein phosphorylation 

b) Proteinkinases activation and protein phosphorylation 

c) Blocking of interaction between a receptor and an effector 

d) Antagonism with endogenous ligands

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of: 

a) Drug dependence 

b) Increased metabolic degradation 

c) Depressed renal drug excretion 

d) Activation of a drug after hepatic first-pass

What does “affinity” mean? 

a) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to plasma proteins 

b) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to a receptor 

c) A measure of inhibiting potency of a drug 

d) A measure of bio availability of a drug

The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is called? 

a) Tachyphylaxis 

b) Sensibilization 

c) Abstinence syndrome 

d) Idiosyncrasy