If the specimen is deformed plastically beyond the yield stress in one direction, e.g., tension and then after unloading it is loaded in the opposite direction, e.g., compression, it is found that the yield stress is less than the original yield stress. This dependence of yield stress on direction loading is called ____________

• A. bauschinger effect
• B. strain hardening
• C. residual stress
• D. nabarro herring effect