A retaining wall with vertical back retains a mass of cohesion-less soil, surface of which is level with top of the wall. Active lateral earth pressure coefficient (in terms of 'ϕ') i.e. angle of internal friction of backfill is given by:

\(\dfrac{1+\sin \phi}{1 - \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ - \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1-\sin \phi}{1 + \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ + \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1-\sin \phi}{1 + \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ - \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1+\sin \phi}{1 - \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ + \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)

A retaining wall with vertical back retains a mass of cohesion-less so

1.	A retaining wall with vertical back retains a mass of cohesion-less soil, surface of which is level with top of the wall. Active lateral earth pressure coefficient (in terms of 'ϕ') i.e. angle of internal friction of backfill is given by:
A.	\(\dfrac{1-\sin \phi}{1 + \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ + \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)
B.	\(\dfrac{1-\sin \phi}{1 + \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ - \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)
C.	\(\dfrac{1+\sin \phi}{1 - \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ - \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)
D.	\(\dfrac{1+\sin \phi}{1 - \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ + \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)
Answer» C. \(\dfrac{1+\sin \phi}{1 - \sin \phi} \ \text{or} \ \tan^2 \left(45^\circ - \dfrac{\phi}{2}\right)\)

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A retaining wall with vertical back retains a mass of cohesion-less soil, surface of which is level with top of the wall. Active lateral earth pressure coefficient (in terms of 'ϕ') i.e. angle of internal friction of backfill is given by:

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