Non-cooperation movement started in cities by:1. Middle-class participation like in educational institutions. Students left the government-controlled institutions. Teachers and lawyers resigned from their jobs2. In most of the provinces, council elections were boycotted. But in Madras, the Justice party of non-Brahmans did not do so because they wanted power.3. All foreign goods were boycotted including foreign cloth and liquor. Economic effects:1. The import of foreign cloth became half by 1922 because its demand had drastically fallen.2. Merchants and traders refused to handle foreign goods or finance in many places.3. Indian textile mills and handlooms\’ demand grew as Indian clothes were now in huge demand.