Which of the following is not put forth as a criticism of advertising and brand names ?

• A. Advertising manipulates people’s tastes to create a desire that otherwise would not exist
• B. Advertising increase competition Which causes unnecessary bankruptcies and layoffs.
• C. Advertising increases brand loyalty causes demand to be more inelastic and thus, increase mark-up over marginal cost.
• D. All of these answers are criticisms of advertising and brand names