Greenhouse gas concentrations and global temperatures will not increase indefinitely — today\’s carbon dioxide buildup and warming trend must eventually top out and then reverse as the atmosphere gradually recovers. The first stage of this process will occur when the rate at which we burn coal, oil, and natural gas levels off and then declines, either because we switch to alternative energy sources soon, or because we run out of affordable fossil fuels later. As a result, CO2\xa0concentrations in the atmosphere will also eventually peak and then decline. This, in turn, will cause a series of linked environmental responses in which other currently rising trends reverse one by one in a “climate whiplash” phase that follows the lead of our carbon emissions. For example, as CO2\xa0dissolves into the oceans, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which alters the chemistry of seawater and makes limestone, chalk, and other carbonate-rich substances more likely to dissolve. Ocean acidification will peak shortly after atmospheric CO2\xa0concentrations do, threatening marine species that have acid-soluble carbonate shells or skeletons, including corals, shellfish, and crustacean
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Without trees, formerly forested areas\xa0would\xa0become drier and more prone to extreme droughts.\xa0When\xa0rain did come, flooding\xa0would\xa0be disastrous. Massive erosion\xa0would\xa0impact oceans, smothering coral reefs and other marine habitats.